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Enabling data checksums is strongly recommended to detect corruption originating in the storage or I/O layer, which can silently lead to incorrect query results. Although PostgreSQL performs basic sanity checks on the page header without checksums, it does not cryptographically verify page contents. As a result, many types of silent corruption could go unnoticed and produce inaccurate query outcomes.

In PostgreSQL 18, data pages across database clusters include a checksum by default, which is verified each time a page is read from disk and recalculated when written. Since checksums are enabled for all databases in a cluster, this applies broadly. However, if you've upgraded from earlier versions, your databases likely lack checksums. You can add checksums using pgchecksums, but the database must be shut down, and it can be a time-consuming process.

PostgreSQL 19 will support enabling checksums online, allowing them to operate in the background while the application remains active, possibly with throttling to lessen workload impact. Here's an example.

Corruption with checksums

To set up a demonstration database without checksums, I initialized it using the --no-data-checksums option with initdb:

podman run -d --replace
-e POSTGRESPASSWORD=xxxxxxx
-e POSTGRESINITDBARGS="--no-data-checksums"
postgres:19beta3

I created a table with one row containing the 'Hello World!' text:

postgres=# create table hackme as select 'Hello World!' as value
CREATE TABLE

postgres=# select distinct value from hackme
value
--------------
Hello World!

(1 row)

I ensure the dirty page is written to and flushed from the shared buffers:

postgres=# checkpoint
CHECKPOINT

postgres=# create extension if not exists pgbuffercache
CREATE EXTENSION

postgres=# select * from pgbuffercacheevictall()
buffersevicted buffersflushed buffersskipped
-----------------+-----------------+-----------------
1200 0 0

(1 row)

There's no encryption in PostgreSQL, so the data is visible in the file:

postgres=# select currentsetting('datadirectory')'/'pgrelationfilepath('hackme'::regclass) as file
file
--------------------------------------------
/var/lib/postgresql/20/docker/base/5/16454

(1 row)

postgres=# gset

postgres=# setenv file :file

postgres=# ! cat -v $file tail -c 42

AAB XHello World!

postgres=#

With filesystem access, I can modify the data to simulate storage corruption:

postgres=# ! LCALL=C sed 's/World!/Hacker/g' $file > /tmp/corrupted.file && cat /tmp/corrupted.file > $file

postgres=# ! cat -v $file tail -c 42

AAB XHello Hacker

postgres=#

When PostgreSQL reads the file again, it doesn't detect that the page was modified outside the instance and displays corrupted data:

postgres=# select distinct value from hackme
value
--------------
Hello Hacker

(1 row)

This is a major problem. Data can be corrupted at any layer below the PostgreSQL instance, and this corruption goes undetected.

Enabling checksums online

Without stopping the instance, I enable checksums:

postgres=# show datachecksums
datachecksums
----------------
off

(1 row)

postgres=# select pgenabledatachecksums()
pgenabledatachecksums
--------------------------

(1 row)

The checksum process is in progress and you can track the updates:

postgres=# select * from pgstatprogressdatachecksums
pid datid datname phase databasestotal databasesdone relationstotal relationsdone blockstotal blocksdone
-----+-------+---------+----------+-----------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------+-------------
101 0 enabling

(1 row)

postgres=# show datachecksums
datachecksums
----------------
inprogress-on

(1 row)

Over time, the database is protected by checksums:

postgres=# select * from pgstatprogressdatachecksums
pid datid datname phase databasestotal databasesdone relationstotal relationsdone blockstotal blocksdone
-----+-------+---------+-------+-----------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------+-------------

(0 rows)

postgres=# show datachecksums
datachecksums
----------------
on

(1 row)

Checksums are enabled without any downtime.

Corruption with checksums

I do the same as before, flushing the shared buffers and modifying the file directly:

postgres=# select * from pgbuffercacheevictall()
buffersevicted buffersflushed buffersskipped
-----------------+-----------------+-----------------
991 0 0

(1 row)

postgres=# ! cat -v $file tail -c 42

AAB XHello Hacker

postgres=# ! LCALL=C sed 's/Hacker/Franck/g' $file > /tmp/corrupted.file && cat /tmp/corrupted.file > $file

postgres=# ! cat -v $file tail -c 42

AAB XHello Franck

Now that each page has a checksum, a read detects any corruption:

postgres=# select distinct value from hackme
ERROR: invalid page in block 0 of relation "base/5/16454"

You can now switch to a standby node or restore from a backup.

Detecting corruption early is crucial for successful recovery. pgbasebackup performs checksum verification:

! pgbasebackup -zFtar -D /var/tmp/backup

WARNING: checksum verification failed in file "./base/5/16388", block 0: calculated 764A but expected 163F
WARNING: file "./base/5/16388" has a total of 1 checksum verification failure
WARNING: 1 total checksum verification failure
pgbasebackup: error: checksum error occurred

If you back up your database with a tool that doesn't check backups, validate the restore test with pgchecksums --check.

Conclusion

Data checksums are vital for PostgreSQL, transforming silent storage issues into detectable errors for investigation and recovery. Without them, corrupted data may go unnoticed, as page-header checks can't detect arbitrary page changes.

Enable checksums during cluster setup. For existing clusters, online activation avoids maintenance but isn't zero-impact:

pgenabledatachecksums() and pgdisabledatachecksums() need superuser access and must run on the primary. Changes are propagated to standbys via WAL.
The operation uses two background-worker slots. Ensure maxworkerprocesses has enough headroom.
It waits for open transactions and temporary tables in all databases. Long sessions or tables can delay indefinitely.
Checksums are applied when enabling, but reads verify them only after final transition to on.
A crash or restart during inprogress-on requires restarting from scratch.
Standbys may need forced restart points, blocking WAL replay and causing lag, possibly stalling a primary. Reducing maxwalsize beforehand can mitigate this.

Checksums are best seen as part of a larger corruption-detection strategy: enable early, monitor transition, validate backups and replicas, and plan around transaction lifetimes and workload.

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